Who made the Arab Spring into an Arab crisis?
The violence sweeping across the Arab world isn’t a consequence of the Arab Spring, but of decades of dictatorship.

Russia seems intent on a political solution in Syria but it will have to press Assad harder to accept it.

The violence sweeping across the Arab world isn’t a consequence of the Arab Spring, but of decades of dictatorship.

When the time comes, new approaches to economic reconstruction are needed in Syria.
![Rescuers and civilians inspect a site hit by an airstrike in Idlib, Syria [REUTERS]](https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ad0a522188464a9a994cf7805c5d2b01_18.jpeg?resize=270%2C180&quality=80)
Divergences over an acceptable social order, moral economy, and shared national identity have become fundamental.

A new framework for assistance that focuses on changing incentive structures for both refugees and hosts is needed.

Counterterrorism can be truly effective only through accountable, legitimate and professional policing.
