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In Cape Town, South Africa, hundreds walked to parliament, chanting: “Israel is a racist state!” and “We are all Palestinian!”

German police used tear gas to disperse thousands of protesters in Berlin’s Kreuzberg district on Sunday as they marked the one-year anniversary of the Israel-Hamas war, which began on October 7 last year.

Demonstrators gathered at Kottbusser Tor square holding banners with slogans such as “Stop arming Israel,” “End the genocide” and “Freedom for Gaza”. They also condemned police violence during pro-Palestine rallies over the past year.

Police halted the march near Kottbusser Damm and the Lenau Street intersection, preventing protesters from advancing to Hermannplatz. Clashes erupted, leading to a heavy-handed police response. Several demonstrators were detained, including a disabled protester in a wheelchair who was dragged into a police vehicle.

Israel launched its war on Gaza after Hamas led attacks on Israel, killing 1,139 people, mostly civilians, according to an Al Jazeera tally based on Israeli statistics, and taking about 250 others captive.

Israel’s military assault on Gaza has killed more than 41,900 people, according to Palestinian health authorities.

The war in the besieged enclave has displaced nearly all of its 2.3 million people, who have been subjected to widespread hunger and disease, leading to genocide allegations against Israel by several countries at the International Court of Justice in The Hague.